An Old Dog with New Tricks: Enjoin Wolff–Kishner Reduction for Alcohol Deoxygenation and C–C Bond Formations
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
The Wolff–Kishner reduction, discovered in the early 1910s, is a fundamental and effective tool to convert carbonyls into methylenes via deoxygenation under strongly basic conditions. For over a century, numerous valuable chemical products have been synthesized by this classical method. The reaction proceeds via the reversible formation of hydrazone followed by deprotonation with the strong base to give an N-anionic intermediate, which affords the deoxygenation product upon denitrogenation and protonation. By examining the mechanistic pathway of this century old classical carbonyl deoxygenation, we envisioned and subsequently developed two unprecedented new types of chemical transformations: a) alcohol deoxygenation and b) C–C bond formations with various electrophiles including Grignard-type reaction, conjugate addition, olefination, and diverse cross-coupling reactions. 1 Introduction 2 Background 3 Alcohol Deoxygenation 3.1 Ir-Catalyzed Alcohol Deoxygenation 3.2 Ru-Catalyzed Alcohol Deoxygenation 3.3 Mn-Catalyzed Alcohol Deoxygenation 4 Grignard-Type Reactions 4.1 Ru-Catalyzed Addition of Hydrazones with Aldehydes and Ketones 4.2 Ru-Catalyzed Addition of Hydrazone with Imines 4.3 Ru-Catalyzed Addition of Hydrazone with CO2 4.4 Fe-Catalyzed Addition of Hydrazones 5 Conjugate Addition Reactions 5.1 Ru-Catalyzed Conjugate Addition Reactions 5.2 Fe-Catalyzed Conjugate Addition Reactions 6 Cross-Coupling Reactions 6.1 Ni-Catalyzed Negishi-type Coupling 6.2 Pd-Catalyzed Tsuji–Trost Alkylation Reaction 7 Other Reactions 7.1 Olefination 7.2 Heck-Type Reaction 7.3 Ullmann-Type Reaction 8 Conclusion and Outlook
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it