Comparing Polyphenolic Yields from the Crowberry <i>Empetrum nigrum L.</i> on the Basse-Côte-Nord Du Québec via Solvent and Microwave-Assisted Extractions
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Wildberries are recognized worldwide for their nutrition potential, especially for polyphenols such as anthocyanins and flavonoids, which are known as antioxidants. The crowberry, Empetrum nigrum found in northern climates, is a wildberry that has the potential to be used in natural health and cosmetics products due to its high antioxidant activity. This study is focused on antioxidant active crowberries collected from the Basse-Côte-Nord in the province of Québec. The crowberries were analyzed by techniques suitable for a remote region such as the Basse-Côte-Nord, which has limited access to chemicals, equipment and transportation. Two different extraction processes were examined: conventional methods, such as solid-liquid extraction, and unconventional extraction methods such as microwave-assisted extraction. Multiple parameters were tested, including solvent type, solvent-water ratios, liquid/solid ratios, time and temperature. The extracts were analyzed using the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent assay for total phenolic compounds, the pH differential method for total monomeric anthocyanins and the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl free radical method for antioxidant activity. The results indicated that, although the ethanol mixtures with water solvent generally gave the highest yield, water extraction gave a significant yield as well. Results also indicated that, compared to the solid-liquid extraction method, the microwave-assisted extraction method allowed for generally smaller liquid:solid ratio (75:1 mL/g compared to 25:1 mL/g with the exception of antioxidant activity) and therefore less solvent. It also allowed for less extraction time (1–5 h compared to 5 min).
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".