Parenting Stress in Families of Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder: The Roles of the Extended Family
Bibliographic record
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: This study focused on the role of extended family in mitigating the stress experienced by parents of children with autism and the possible challenges of involving them, especially in modern Nigerian society. The study identified the sources of stress for parents of children with autism, and considered location and family size factors in stress experienced by parents, the role of the extended family in mitigating the stress and the challenges that may inhibit the involvement of the extended family. METHOD: The study adopted a descriptive survey research design and was carried out in South East, Nigeria. All parents and guardians of children with autism in the three special needs schools that cater for children with autism in the two selected states were used for the study. Data was collected using a self-report questionnaire with 36 items to elicit information on the sources of stress for parents and the role of the extended family in mitigating the stress. A semi-structured 26 items interview schedule adapted from Smithfield’s (2011) parents of children with autism questions covering the child's behaviour, parent's feelings, and role of the extended family was also used to generate firsthand information on the issues raised and to complement data collected through the self-report questionnaire. There was a researcher observation guide for monitoring progress in the study. Mean and standard deviation was used to answer the research questions while regression analysis, t-test and Analysis of variance were used to test the null hypotheses at 0.05 level of significance. RESULTS: The findings revealed that parents of children with autism experience stress that is hinged basically on the behaviour of the children. Family size does not influence parents’ stress experience but location does. Some parents receive child care and/or financial help sometimes from extended family members. CONCLUSION: Parents of children with autism face a lot of stress that is hinged basically on the behaviour of the children. Some of the rural parents, however, have the opportunity of getting help sometimes from extended family members since special need schools are not located in their area or even nearby. The extended family relations sometimes offer financial help but from all indications, the modern urbanization has really eroded their help. Family size does not influence parents’ stress experience and role of extended family but location does.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".