Bibliographic record
Abstract
A physical model of a three-dimensional flow of a viscous bubbly fluid in an intermediate regime between bubble formation and breakage is presented. The model is based on mechanics and thermodynamics of a single bubble coupled to the dynamics of a viscous fluid as a whole, and takes into account multiple physical effects, including gravity, viscosity, and surface tension. Dimensionless versions of the resulting nonlinear model are obtained, and values of dimensionless parameters are estimated for typical magma flows in horizontal subaerial lava fields and vertical volcanic conduits. Exact solutions of the resulting system of nonlinear equations corresponding to equilibrium flows and traveling waves are analyzed in the one-dimensional setting. Generalized Su-Gardner-type perturbation analysis is employed to study approximate solutions of the model in the long-wave ansatz. Simplified nonlinear partial differential equations (PDE) satisfied by the leading terms of the perturbation solutions are systematically derived. It is shown that for specific classes of perturbations, approximate solutions of the bubbly fluid model arise from solutions of the classical diffusion, Burgers, variable-coefficient Burgers, and Korteweg-de Vries equations.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".