The Conceptual Representation of Science and Implications for Psychology's Status as a Scientific Discipline
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Research has shown that people are skeptical of psychology's status as a science (Lilienfeld, 2011).The current research aimed to determine whether skepticism towards psychology is rooted in the way people process categorical information.This was achieved by investigating the category science using the family resemblance approach.The results of two experiments showed that chemistry, physics, engineering, and neurology were conceptually the most typical sciences.Unexpectedly, psychology's typicality scores were found to be close to those of these disciplines.Nonetheless, people's representation of science showed a clear distinction between the natural and the social sciences.Psychology did not elicit the characteristic features of the more typical sciences (i.e., the natural sciences).These results may indicate that categorization behavior is the cognitive mechanism responsible for the perception that psychology is unscientific.The possibility that people use stereotypes rather than deliberate consideration of the scientific method to make judgments about science is discussed.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.017 | 0.041 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.004 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.037 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.010 | 0.009 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".