A Modified IEEE 118-Bus Test Case for Geomagnetic Disturbance Studies—Part II: Simulation Results
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This two-part paper proposes a modified version of the IEEE 118-bus benchmark, referred to as 118-GMD, for time-domain simulation of the impacts of a geomagnetic disturbance (GMD) on a power system within an electromagnetic transient program (EMT-type). The advantage of 118-GMD over existing GMD test cases in the literature is that it enables additional GMD studies including harmonic analysis, response of control and protection, and interaction between the dc geomagnetically-induced currents, transformer saturation, additional var consumption and voltage collapse due to a GMD. Part I has presented the network model and its parameters. Part II presents simulation results and identifies the influential modeling details that should be incorporated in an EMT-type GMD simulation study based on the type of simulation. The study includes modeling details such as line model, delta-winding resistance, over excitation limiter, on-load tap changer, and load model.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".