Management of procedural pain in preterm infants through olfactive stimulation with mothers’ milk: A pilot study
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Introduction: Repeated and untreated pain can lead to long-term consequences in preterm infants, such as pain hypersensitivity and impaired motor and intellectual development. Studies on pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions for pain management in preterm infants are limited. Thus, we piloted an intervention based on olfactive stimulation with mothers’ milk. Objective: To assess the feasibility, acceptability, and preliminary effects of an olfactive stimulation intervention with mothers’ milk for procedural pain in preterm infants. Methods: A pilot study was conducted with mothers, nurses, and preterm infants. Twelve preterm infants were familiarized to the odor of their mother’s milk 9 hours before heel prick. During heel prick, mothers’ milk odor was combined with standard care by placing a pad saturated with mothers’ milk beneath the infant’s nose. Pain was measured using Preterm Infant Pain Profile-Revised tool. Mothers (n=11) and nurses (n=20) completed questionnaires regarding feasibility and acceptability. Results: More than 80% of mothers and nurses reported that the olfactive stimulation intervention was feasible and acceptable. Time taken for preterm infants’ heart rate and oxygen saturation to return to the baseline was reduced and pain scores were lower when the mothers’ milk pad was placed at 1 millimeter(mm) of the infant’s nose. Discussion and conclusion: The olfactive stimulation intervention is feasible and acceptable for nurses and mothers. The observed preliminary effects suggest that a pad saturated in mother’s milk placed 1 mm from the preterm infants’ nose could reduce the pain response. A randomized clinical trial should be conducted to assess the effectiveness of this intervention.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.004 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".