Cardiovascular Fitness In Recreational Athletes Prior To And After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Emphasis of most rehabilitation programs following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction surgery (ACLR) is on range of motion and strength, with little, if any, focus on the recovery of cardiovascular fitness. PURPOSE: To evaluate cardiovascular fitness of recreational athletes from injury to 12-months post ACLR. METHODS: This was a prospective case series. Patients were recruited from a sports medicine clinic with an ACL rupture confirmed on MRI. Participants must have been involved in aerobic sport at least twice a week based on self-report. Study time points were baseline (as soon after injury as possible; T1), 6 (T2)- and 12-months (T3) post-ACLR. The primary outcome measure was relative VO2 peak as measured during a graded aerobic exercise test (GXT) on a bike ergometer (Monark, Ergomedic 894E) using a metabolic measurement system (Oxycon Mobile, Carefusion). Secondary outcomes were absolute VO2 peak, Tegner activity score, and ACL-Quality of Life. Repeated measures ANOVA was performed to compare within groups between time points. RESULTS: Nineteen patients (13 male /6 female) consented at mean age of 22.9 ± 4.8 years. Baseline testing and surgery were performed 78 ± 48 and 152 ± 81 days post injury, respectively. Preoperative relative VO2 peak was 33.7 ± 6.3 mL·kg-1·min-1, at T2was 32.7 ± 8.9 mL·kg-1·min-1and at T3 was 32.7 ± 9.3 mL·kg-1·min-1 (p > 0.05). Based on ACSM cardiorespiratory fitness classifications by age and gender, there was no change in distribution from T1 to T3 (p=0.88). Tegner scores decreased from pre-injury to T1 (7.6 ± 1.5 vs. 3.2 ± 1.9; p<0.001), and improved by T3 (5.1 ± 2.1; p=0.003), but did not recover to pre-injury levels (p<0.001). ACL-QOL increased from T1 (32.9 ± 15.5) to T2 (53.5 ± 13.4; p<0.001) and to T3 (70.3 ± 18.7; p=0.008). Relative VO2 peak and Tegner score were not correlated at T1 but were at T3 (r= 0.735, p=0.001). CONCLUSION: Recreational athletes were aerobically deconditioned at two months post-ACL rupture and did not improve with 12-months of rehabilitation following ACLR. Pre-injury aerobic fitness level could not be determined, but participants may have become deconditioned waiting for surgery. Without a conscious effort to promote aerobic fitness, recreational athletes may return to play at a suboptimal performance level with increased risk of injury.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".