Drywall Waste Blocks: A Novel Masonry Material Utilizing Recycled Construction & Demolition Waste
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper describes patent-pending mixtures and methods for producing masonry blocks using gypsum drywall waste and preliminary investigation of Drywall Waste Block (DWB) engineering properties. Recycling waste from building construction and demolition (C&D) provides many environmental and economic benefits. However, challenges remain for recycling certain low-value C&D materials, such as gypsum drywall waste, and there are few uses for drywall waste from demolition, which constitutes the majority of the drywall waste stream. Recycling drywall waste is desirable as this waste produces noxious hydrogen sulphide gas in landfill conditions, resulting in bans on landfilled drywall waste in some localities. Investigation of compressive strength, water absorption, and thermal performance of DWB specimens is described, and results are compared to specifications for concrete masonry units (CMU), and other comparable masonry blocks. Technical gaps for DWB to be recognized as a CMU alternative are also discussed.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".