Formation of hydrogen in the early universe: quasi-molecular mechanism of recombination
Bibliographic record
Abstract
ABSTRACT The recombination of an electron and a proton is assumed to occur in the presence of another proton, which participates in the process. The system of colliding particles is considered as a quasi-molecule temporarily formed during a collision. This model is employed to treat the formation of atomic hydrogen in the pre-recombination period of evolution of the early universe. According to a quasi-molecular mechanism of recombination, two processes are responsible for the formation of hydrogen in the early universe – a radiative transition of an electron to an excited repulsive state of $\mathrm{ H}_2^ + $ with a subsequent dissociation into a hydrogen atom and a proton, and a radiative transition of an electron to an excited attractive state of $\mathrm{ H}_2^ + $ with a subsequent cascade downward to a low-lying repulsive state. The participation of the nearest neighbouring proton in the process is shown to decrease the probability of recombination on an isolated proton.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".