Cardiovascular Risk Moderates Aerobic Training Efficacy on Executive Function in Older Adults
Bibliographic record
Abstract
PURPOSE: To examine whether the Framingham Cardiovascular Risk Profile Score (FCRP) moderates the effect of a 6-month progressive aerobic training program (AT) on executive function in older adults with mild subcortical ischemic vascular cognitive impairment. METHODS: This is a secondary analysis of a proof-of-concept randomized controlled trial in 71 older adults, who were randomized to either a 6-month, thrice-weekly, progressive AT program (AT), or usual care plus an education program (CON). At baseline and trial completion, three executive processes were measured: 1) response inhibition by Stroop Colour Word Test; 2) working memory by digits backward test, and 3) set shifting by the Trail Making Test (B-A). Baseline cardiovascular risk was calculated using the FCRP, and participants were classified as either low risk (<20% FCRP score; LCVR) or high risk (>20% FCRP score; HCVR). A complete case analysis (n=57) was conducted using an analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) to evaluate between-group differences in the three executive processes. Age, baseline Montreal Cognitive Assessment score, education, and baseline score for the outcome variable were entered as covariates in all models. RESULTS: A significant interaction was found between FCRP and group (AT or CON) for the digit span backward (F(1,49)=4.67, p=0.03) and the Trail Making Test (F(1,50)=4.09, p=0.04). There was no significant interaction for the Stroop Colour Word Test (F(1,48)=.802 p=.38). On the digit span backward test, AT improved performance compared to CON (3.74±.33 vs. 2.75±.46) in those with LCVR, while in those with HCVR, AT did not improve performance compared to CON (2.97±.45 vs. 3.76±.41). Similarly, for the Trail Making Test (B-A), AT improved performance compared to CON (52.66±13.27 vs. 80.12±17.82) in those with LCVR, while AT was not beneficial compared to CON in those with HCVR (98.80±18.06 vs. 59.92±17.09). CONCLUSION: We found that cardiovascular risk significantly moderates the efficacy of aerobic exercise on working memory and set shifting in older adults with vascular cognitive impairment. Our findings highlight the importance of intervening early in the disease course of vascular cognitive impairment, when cardiovascular risk may be lower, to reap maximum benefits of aerobic exercise.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".