Assessment of cognitive dysfunction, depression, and anxiety in patients with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in relation to serum interleukin-6
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a well-recognized multicomponent disease, but its influences on cognitive function and other associated psychological disorders were poorly identified. Systemic inflammation is considered as a key link between these diseases. Aim To assess the cognitive impairment, anxiety, and depression among stable COPD patients using different neuropsychological tests, in relation with serum interleukin-6 (IL-6). Patients and methods A study was conducted upon 100 stable COPD patients and 25 controls. All the participants were subjected to neurological and psychiatric assessment, such as The Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 scale, Beck Depression Inventory-II scale, and Montreal Cognitive Assessment scale. Serum IL-6 was measured for all participants. Results COPD patients had more frequent anxiety disorders, depression, cognitive dysfunction, and higher serum IL-6 than control group. Visual-spatial/executive and delayed recall domains of cognitive dysfunction were significantly affected in COPD than controls (P<0.001), whereas other domains (Naming, Attention, Language, Abstraction, and Orientation) did not reach a significant level of statistical difference. Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 anxiety score showed a significant positive correlation with modified medical research council and serum IL-6 and a significant negative correlation with forced expiratory volume in the first second%. Beck Depression Inventory-II score showed a significant positive correlation with BMI. Montreal Cognitive Assessment score showed a significant positive correlation with forced expiratory volume in the first second% and a significant negative correlation with serum IL-6. A cut-off value of serum IL-6 more than 2.6 pg/ml had sensitivity and specificity for prediction of cognitive dysfunction in COPD patients (86.1 and 66.7%, respectively; P<0.001). Conclusion Anxiety, depression, and cognitive impairment were significantly more prevalent between COPD patients. Serum IL-6 was a valid predictor for cognitive dysfunction in COPD patients.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".