Bibliographic record
Abstract
In today’s political climate where nationalism, protectionism and populism dominate the political discourse, democratic values are being interpreted in new ways. These interpretations give rise to fundamental democratic questions, such as: should certain aliens be allowed to have political rights when they have been living in, and contributing to, democratic countries for extended periods of time? This paper will contrast the political position and rights of Canadian citizens living abroad (expats) with those of permanent residents (aliens) living in Canada, demonstrating that the former have full democratic rights despite being geographically disassociated from domestic communities, while the latter are accorded no democratic rights despite contributing directly to the communities in which they reside. This raises the question of whether it is morally permissible to withhold democratic rights from certain aliens who contribute to their host society more than full citizens of that society who live abroad. Section one demonstrates how democracy is a tool for the institutionalization of liberal values. Section two shows how these values affect expats and aliens unequally and in a manner that is contrary to the values themselves, thus creating a statewide injustice. Lastly, section three presents an argument for eliminating the exclusion faced by aliens in order to resolve the contradiction in liberal democratic values. There are three distinct types of aliens in Canada: visitors, convention refugees, and permanent residents. For the most part, this essay is not concerned with the first two. This is because visitors are, as the name suggests, only in the country for a short period of time. They will not be there long enough to establish the vested interest that is required to share in the collective burdens and benefits of Canadian democratic society. Convention refugees, defined by the United Nations Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, fall into another category, with which this paper is not concerned. Aliens, in the context of this paper, are permanent residents. Applications for Permanent Resident status must be made from outside of Canada and applicants are selected according to the government’s immigration criteria. Permanent Residents can be skilled workers, entrepreneurs, investors, self-employed persons, or family members of any of the aforementioned people.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".