Impact of Aerobic and Resistance Exercise on Global Shoulder Function in Breast Cancer Survivors
Bibliographic record
Abstract
PURPOSE: Treatment strategies for breast cancer including surgery, radiation, endocrine therapy and chemotherapy have contributed to improving survival rates. However, the implementation of surgical and radiation therapies precipitates adverse musculoskeletal effects in the upper extremity (UE), including decreased shoulder range of motion (ROM), weakness, and chronic pain, with 67% of breast cancer survivors (BCS) reporting upper extremity problems. The purpose of this exploratory analysis of a randomized, controlled trial was to investigate the effects of a 16-week aerobic and resistance exercise intervention on the functional mobility of the UE in BCS. METHODS: BCS were randomized to the Exercise (EX; N=50) or Control (CON; N=50) groups. The EX group underwent moderate-to-vigorous aerobic and resistance exercise sessions 3 times/week for 16 weeks. Functional mobility was assessed pre- and post-intervention by active ROM, maximal isometric voluntary strength, the Disabilities of Arm, Shoulder and Hand (DASH) questionnaire, and the Penn Shoulder Scale (PSS). Repeated-measures analyses of variance were used to compare pre- and post-intervention data in the two groups and assess between group differences. RESULTS: Included BCS were 53.5±10.4 years old, Hispanic white (55%) with body mass index 33.5±5.5 kg/m2. Participants were treated with surgery (79% mastectomy) and both chemotherapy and radiation therapy (76%), including breast alone (55%) or breast + nodal radiation (45%). At baseline, EX and CON did not differ on functional mobility measures (pc>0.05). Post-intervention, the EX group experienced statistically significant improvements in active ROM (shoulder flexion, external rotation at 0°/90°), isometric strength (shoulder flexion, external rotation, internal rotation and horizontal adduction) and DASH/PSS scores when compared to their baseline measures (p<0.001) and to the CON group (p <0.001). The CON group did not experience any changes (p>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: A 16-week aerobic and resistance exercise program is associated with improved functional mobility of the UE. Clinical exercise programs should be incorporated into current rehabilitation oncology practice as a means of improving global shoulder function following breast cancer treatment.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".