Chemical Composition and Particle Size of Grape Seed Flour and Their Effects on the Characteristics of Cookies
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This study investigated the effect of particle size and chemical composition of grape seed flour (GSF) on the physical, chemical and sensory quality of cookies. Results indicate that the chemical composition of GSF varied significantly with particle sizes and smaller particle fraction had higher ash, fat, protein and extractible polyphenol contents but lower dietary fiber. Inclusion of 2.5-10% GSF in the cookie formula enhanced darkening, increased thickness and hardness, increased polyphenol and dietary fiber contents in dose-dependent manner, but reduced diameter and consumer acceptability of cookies to various degrees. The impacts of GSF on the cookie quality and sensory properties were strongly associated with the inclusion level and particle size of GSF. Higher GSF (5%) inclusion and smaller GSF particle size (104 µm) resulted in lower consumer acceptability. To minimize the undesirable effect of GSF on cookie quality, up to 5% of GSF with average particle size 209 µm is recommended.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".