Effects Of Exercise Training During Breast Cancer Chemotherapy On Fitness Outcomes At 1-year Follow-up
Bibliographic record
Abstract
PURPOSE: To determine the effects of different doses and types of exercise during breast cancer chemotherapy on fitness outcomes at 1-year follow-up and to investigate the associations of physical activity during the follow-up period with fitness outcomes. METHODS: The Combined Aerobic and Resistance Exercise (CARE) Trial was a multicenter trial in Canada that randomized 301 breast cancer patients initiating chemotherapy to 3 days/week of supervised exercise consisting of either: (1) a standard dose of 25-30 minutes of aerobic exercise (STAN, n=96), (2) a higher dose of 50-60 minutes of aerobic exercise (HIGH, n=101), or (3) a combined dose of 50-60 minutes of aerobic and resistance exercise (COMB, n=104). At 1-year post-intervention, patients completed objective measures of aerobic fitness, muscular strength, and muscular endurance. Physical activity was collected via questionnaire at 1-year follow-up and patients were categorized as meeting (1) aerobic only, (2) strength only, (3) combined, and (4) neither exercise guideline. RESULTS: We obtained fitness data on 263 (87.4%) patients and self-report data on 284 (94.4%) patients at 1-year follow-up. Analyses of covariance showed that COMB was superior to HIGH for upper body muscular endurance (8.8 reps; p = 0.020); borderline superior to HIGH for lower body muscular strength (5.1 kg; p = 0.05); and borderline superior to STAN for upper body muscular endurance (6.4 reps; p = 0.09). Moreover, meeting the combined exercise guideline at follow-up was associated with: (1) better VO2 peak (2.1 ml/kg/min; p = 0.002); upper body strength (2.8 kg; p = 0.017); and upper body endurance (13.4 reps; p = 0.004) compared to meeting neither guideline, (2) better upper body endurance (8.6 reps; p = 0.026); and lower body endurance (15.2 reps; p = 0.020) compared to meeting the aerobic only guideline and (3) better VO2 peak (1.7 ml/kg/min; p = 0.041); and lower body endurance (20.1 reps; p = 0.036) compared to meeting the strength only guideline. CONCLUSIONS: Performing combined aerobic and strength exercise during breast cancer chemotherapy resulted in longer-term improvements in muscular endurance and strength compared to aerobic exercise alone. Moreover, performing combined aerobic and strength exercise during follow-up was strongly associated with better fitness outcomes.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".