Exercise Recovery with Cold and Thermoneutral Water Immersion and Performance in Athletes
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Cold water immersion (CWI) is commonly used to expedite recovery from strenuous exercise. However, it is unclear whether recovery with CWI confers any added performance or perceptual benefits during subsequent exercise vs. thermoneutral water immersion (TWI). PURPOSE: To investigate the potential for CWI and TWI in recovery from strenuous exercise to improve subsequent performance in athletes. METHODS: Ten varsity athletes (age 22 ± 2 yrs; height 177.9 ± 10.5 cm; weight 70.6 ± 9.6 kg; VO2max 53.9 ± 6.8 ml/kg/min) performed pre-recovery (PRE) and post-recovery (POST) exercise protocols. The 20 min recovery period involved 10 min of either CWI (14.7 ± 0.3 °C), TWI (34.8 ± 0.8 °C) or room air control (CON) (28.7 ± 0.8 °C) in a randomized, crossover design. The exercise protocols required participants to cycle for 20 min at 57 ± 1% VO2max (WARM) and immediately complete a 10 min work-based time trial (TT) at ~75% VO2max in heat (30 ± 0.1°C, 59 ± 0.3% r.h.). This was followed by performance tests of upper and lower body reaction time, maximal countermovement jump height (CMJ), maximum voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) of the knee flexors, and questionnaires outlining mood states and belief score. Heart rate (HR) and ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) were recorded every 1 min during the TTs and in recovery. RESULTS: No differences between groups were observed for any PRE variable. Mean workloads were higher for every min of the POST TT in the CWI trial compared to TWI and CON trials. There was a trend for CWI to minimize the % change in mean TT workload vs. TWI and CON (-1.1 ± 1.9 vs. -4.6 ± 1.4 and -7.2 ± 2.3%, p = 0.11). Mean POST-WARM VO2 did not differ between CWI, TWI or CON trials (2.2 ± 0.2, 2.2 ± 0.2 and 2.2 ± 0.1 L/min). However, mean POST-WARM HR was significantly lower in the CWI trial vs. TWI and CON trials (151 ± 3 vs. 159 ± 3 and 159 ± 4 bpm, p < 0.05). Mean increase in TT RPE was blunted in the CWI trial vs. TWI and CON trials (0 ± 1 vs. 1 ± 1 and 1 ± 1, p < 0.05). Belief score correlated with the change in TT workload in the CWI trial only (R2 = 0.35, p < 0.05). No significant differences in CMJ or MVIC were observed between trials. CONCLUSION: Ten minutes of CWI in recovery from intense exercise in the heat reduced mean HR and RPE during a post-recovery exercise test, which may have contributed to the trend of a higher mean workload in the post-recovery TT vs. TWI or CON.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".