Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background: There is an increased fracture risk in obese children and studies suggest that their bone is not sufficiently adapted to the increased body weight. Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) reveals a higher areal bone mineral density (aBMD); whereas, peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT) suggests a lower volumetric bone mineral density (vBMD) and bone mineral content (BMC) in obese children. This study determined if there is an association between measures of adiposity and bone indices at a high risk fracture site in obese children. Objectives: To quantify the relationship between BMI z-score (BMIZ) and adiposity measures in obese children with volumetric bone structure of the distal radius; and to determine if there are differences in bone geometry amongst less obese and more obese children. Design: Data was collected from participants enrolled in the year-long McGill Youth and Lifestyle Intervention with Food and Exercise (MY LIFE) study (NCT 01290016); healthy children aged 6-12 y with BMI-for-age > 85th percentile were included (n= 102). Methods: Body composition and areal bone indices were measured by DXA; volumetric bone density and geometry was measured by pQCT. Obese children were separated based on median BMIZ. Differences amongst groups were tested using mixed model ANOVA. Multiple linear regressions quantified the relationship between BMIZ, adiposity, and volumetric bone indices. Results: One hundred and two overweight or obese children (55 girls, 47 boys) took part in the study. Positive average values were observed for aBMD z-score of the whole body (2.3 ± 1.3), lumbar spine (1.0 ± 1.0), femoral neck (0.7 ± 1.1), total hip (1.3 ± 1.1), 1/3 distal forearm (0.8 ±1.1), and ultra distal forearm aBMC (1.3 ± 0.32) and aBMD (0.31 ± 0.04). pQCT z-scores for vBMC (0.1 ± 1.0), total vBMD (0.6 ± 1.0), trabecular vBMD (0.1 ± 1.1), and cortical thickness (0.7 ± 1.0) were also all positive. Greater aBMD values of the whole body, spine, hip, and distal radius were observed in the highest BMIZ group. BMIZ was positively associated with aBMD, aBMC, trabecular vBMD, and vBMC z-scores. The male sex was inversely associated with both vBMC and trabecular vBMD and positively associated with cortical thickness. BMIZ had a near to significant inverse association with cortical thickness (p=0.057).Conclusions: A greater BMIZ in obese children may be associated with decreased cortical thickness for age and sex and consequently increased risk of fracture. Future case-control studies should determine if longitudinal changes in BMIZ associate with changes in bone geometry.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".