Integrated Interpretation of Microseismic and Petroleum-Engineering Data for Comparison of Gas Production in Two Interfering Adjacent Wellpads in the Horn River Basin, Canada
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Summary We present an integrated interpretation of microseismic, treatment, and production data from hydraulic-fracturing jobs carried out in two adjacent wellpads in the Horn River Basin, northeast British Columbia, Canada. We conclude that poor correlation coefficients (R2) in crossplots of normalized production rate vs. the product of stimulated reservoir volume (SRV) and porosity and total organic carbon (TOC) (SRV×ϕ×TOC) indicate pressure interference between wells or wellpads. Good correlation coefficients in the same crossplots indicate lack of interference. The SRV×ϕ×TOC product reflects the hydrocarbon pore SRV because there is a relationship between TOC and hydrocarbon saturation in shales (Lopez and Aguilera 2018). Our results suggest that natural-fracture networks have an important effect on well connectivity and on the spatial distribution of microseismic data. Connectivity between wellpads occurs through a network of pre-existing natural fractures, which are approximately perpendicular to the least principal compressive stress in the area. This conclusion is supported by data analysis from Wellpads I and II in the Horn River Basin. Wellpad I includes eight wells that were drilled and fractured in the Muskwa and Otter Park formations (four wells in each formation) in 2010. Wellpad II includes three wells drilled and fractured in 2011 in each of the three shale formations, Muskwa, Otter Park, and Evie. There is a 1-year interval between fracturing on the first and second wellpads. The data analysis includes evaluation of magnitudes, b-values, moment-tensor inversion (MTI), and the spatial and temporal distributions of three-component microseismic events recorded during more than 200 stages of fracturing by multiwell downhole arrays. We analyzed Gutenberg-Richter frequency/magnitude graphs for each fracturing stage, and with proper integration of b-values, fracture-complexity index (FCI), MTI information, and treatment data, we distinguished hydraulic-fracturing-related events and events associated with slip along the surface of natural fractures. The results are compared with 5- and 4-year gas-production data in Wellpads I and II, respectively. Identification of natural fractures and information about interactions between hydraulically fractured wells are both essential for optimal well placement and completion, reservoir characterization, SRV calculation, and reservoir simulation. This study presents a distinctive insight into the integrated interpretation of microseismic events and production data to identify the activation of natural fractures and interference between the hydraulically fractured wells. The methodology developed in this study is thus related to production engineering, but examines it from the point of view of microseismic data.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.004 | 0.005 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".