A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF PARENTS' INTENTIONS TO ALLOW YOUTH HOCKEY AND YOUTH FOOTBALL PARTICIPATION
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Large numbers of youth in the United States participate in hockey and football. Youth hockey and football programs aim to provide children opportunities for physical, social, and educational growth. In terms of physical effort and contact, hockey and football display similar characteristics. According to the American Academy of Pediatrics, hockey and football are both categorized as collision sports that involve athletes exerting great force to purposely hit or collide with other athletes and/or inanimate objects. Despite their similarities, youth football participation numbers have shown a nationwide decrease over the past decade while youth ice hockey participation numbers have shown an increase in the United States and Canada over the past decade. The growing concerns over head injuries has been noted as the most prominent reason for the decline in youth football participation numbers as a majority of the research has focused on football athletes. Responding to these trends, the purpose of this study was to examine parents' differing perceptions of risk between youth hockey and youth football participation. Further understanding parents' perceptions of risk and awareness between these two sports can provide a valuable framework to help build intervention tools and improve youth sport programming. A web-based survey was developed and distributed to 550 parents in the Town of Normal. A modified version of Murphy, Askew, and Sumner's (2017) parents' intentions to allow youth sport participation instrument was used to measure the variables of interests. Variables of interest included: intent to play (youth hockey and football), attitudes toward youth sport participation, perception of concussion risk, concussion knowledge, and demographics. T-tests, correlations, and regression analyses yielded significant findings across multiple variables suggesting parents have differing perceptions of risk associated with youth football and hockey participation. Complete findings are presented.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".