A State of the Art on Red Mud as a Substitutional Cementitious Material
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Red mud is a highly alkaline solid waste produced from the alumina refinery plants. Every year more than 300 million tons of red mud is producing throughout world. Disposal of a large quantity of red mud is very expensive and it creates contamination of neighbor lands, air and water bodies. Using red mud as a sustainable cementitious material in concrete is highly appreciable, because concrete is a second largest using material after water. Moreover, reduce the negative effect on environment due to red mud disposal as well as cement industries. The present paper conducted a critical review on bayer process of red mud, physical and chemical properties of red mud. And also workability, mechanical, durability and microstructure characterization of red mud when used in concrete as sustainable cementitious material. In the red mud iron oxide and alumina oxide are presented abundantly. Red mud accelerates the heat of hydration in concrete and it leads to strength enhancement in early ages. Increases the quantity of red mud in concrete reduces the workability but increases the strength of concrete. However, the chemical composition of red mud and its particle size helps to improve the durability property of concrete. Red mud offers more capable to arrest the chloride ions and other ions diffusion into concrete. Red mud minimizes the micro cracks and voids present in concrete by its particles size as well as bonding nature with other materials up to certain dosage of red mud used in concrete.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it