Digital Predistortion of Millimeter-Wave RF Beamforming Arrays Using Low Number of Steering Angle-Dependent Coefficient Sets
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper proposes a single-input single-output (SISO) digital predistortion (DPD) model for linearizing millimeter-wave (mm-wave) RF beamforming arrays. It starts with a dual-input power amplifier (PA) model that accounts for steering angle-dependent load modulation effects. This dual-input model is then transformed into a SISO model under the assumption of weak PA nonlinearity and RF beamforming architecture. The underlying coefficients of the SISO array model incorporate the beamforming weights, antenna cross-coupling, channel coefficients, and any possible phase-shifter gain variation with phase shift setting. An over-the-air (OTA) measurement setup is finally developed to validate the capacity of a SISO DPD model to linearize two different arrays-under-test with 4 and 64 elements and radiating mm-wave modulated signals with 320- and 800-MHz bandwidth. Although, in principle, the DPD coefficients should be retrained for each steering angle, experimental results have shown that the same set of coefficients can be used over a wide range of steering angles, and only a few sets of trained DPD coefficients are sufficient to minimize the distortion in a mm-wave RF beamforming array across a 120° steering range.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it