Dosimetry of a portable <i>in vivo</i> x-ray fluorescence system using EBT3 radiochromic film
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Purpose. In vivo x-ray fluorescence is a non-invasive analytical technique for determining trace and toxic element exposures. In this work we measure the dose for a portable handheld x-ray system (pXRF). Materials and Methods . We used EBT3 radiochromic film calibrated with a clinical orthovoltage unit for absolute dose measurement. Films were placed on a human phantom and irradiated with the Tracer III-SD pXRF at tube potentials of 40 and 45 kVp with various levels of filtration. Results. Using settings that result in the best detection limits, the highest absorbed point dose to the skin was 0.3 Gy, the equivalent dose to a 1 cm 2 area was 54 mSv, and the whole-body effective dose was less than 1 μ Sv for a standard 3-min in vivo measurement of strontium or lead. Recent work has demonstrated that 1 s and 30 s measurements are feasible for bone strontium measurements, which would lead to significantly lower doses. Conclusions . Our results are in agreement with a previous dosimetry study of another portable x-ray device and indicate that it is safe for in vivo measurements of elements such as strontium and lead, only after appropriate dose validation and with appropriate beam filtration in place.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".