Postnatal maturation of the sternum in a Portuguese skeletal sample: a variable ossification process
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The timing of skeletal maturation is one of the common indicators used to estimate age at death of juvenile skeletal remains. Skeletal maturation of the sternum has received less attention than other anatomical locations, and there is a general lack of detailed information about the fusion timing in the dry sternum that can be used for the estimation of age. The objective of this study is to document the age variation in the fusion of the body sternebrae, and both clavicular and intercostal notches. A three stage scale scheme was used (unfused elements, partial, and complete fusion) to quantify fusion of primary and secondary ossification centres in a sample of 68 individuals of both sexes from the identified skeletal collection housed at the National Museum of Natural History and Science in Lisbon, Portugal. Analysis was performed only for the pooled sex sample due to small sample size. Wide age intervals were obtained for fusion stages at all of the sternal centres. Primary ossification centres start to fuse between 1 and 27 years of age, with sternebrae 3 and 4 completing their fusion first. Secondary ossification centres fuse between 5 to 25 years of age. Results reflect considerable variability among individuals in the maturation of the sternum.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.011 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".