Infestation parameters for chewing lice (Phthiraptera: Amblycera, Ischnocera) infesting owls (Aves: Strigidae, Tytonidae) in Manitoba, Canada
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Eleven of the 12 species of owls (Aves: Strigidae, Tytonidae) known to occur in Manitoba, Canada, were examined for chewing lice (Phthiraptera: Amblycera, Ischnocera) from 1976 to 2015: barn owl (Tyto alba(Scopoli); Aves: Tytonidae) (n= 2), snowy owl (Bubo scandiacus(Linnaeus); Aves: Strigidae) (n= 77), great horned owl (Bubo virginianus(Gmelin); Aves: Strigidae) (n= 262), great grey owl (Strix nebulosaFörster; Aves: Strigidae) (n= 142), barred owl (Strix variaBarton; Aves: Strigidae) (n= 10), northern hawk owl (Surnia ulula(Linnaeus); Aves: Strigidae) (n= 18), short-eared owl (Asio flammeus(Pontoppidan); Aves: Strigidae) (n= 74), long-eared owl (Asio otus(Linnaeus); Aves: Strigidae) (n= 67), eastern screech owl (Megascops aslo(Linnaeus); Aves: Strigidae) (n= 59), boreal owl (Aegolius funereus(Linnaeus); Aves: Strigidae) (n= 47), and northern saw-whet owl (Aegolius acadicus(Gmelin); Aves: Strigidae) (n= 44), a total of 802 owls. No lice were found infesting barn owl (Tyto alba(Scopoli); Aves: Tytonidae) or eastern screech owl (Megascops asio(Linnaeus); Aves: Strigidae). We collected a total of 113 810 lice of 12 species:KurodaiaUchida (Phthiraptera: Menoponidae) – three species; andStrigiphilusMjöberg (Phthiraptera: Philopteridae) – nine species. Overall prevalence of infestation ranged from 10.0% to 88.9%. Mean intensity for total lice ranged from 22.4 to 506.5. Infestation parameters for each louse–host combination are provided; prevalence and mean intensity were not related for louse–host species combinations. Distribution of louse infestations was highly aggregated. In all louse–host combinations but one, either females were more prevalent than males or there was no significant deviation from 50:50. MaleStrigiphilus ceblebrachysDenny significantly outnumbered females in snowy owls. There was a tendency for louse species to co-occur on the same host specimen. Where sample sizes for owls were large enough, no seasonal patterns in abundance of lice were detected.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".