Adapting Vertical Seismic Profiling Techniques to Determine Depth and Characteristics of Sheet Piles at Complex Sites Using the Parallel Seismic Method
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Geophysical testing to determine depth and integrity of sheet piles, while straightforward in theory, is often influenced by unanticipated site conditions. While ASTM D7400-14, Standard Test Methods for Downhole Seismic Testing, provides an outline of survey techniques (including specifications of ideal survey geometry) for traditional borehole seismic and vertical seismic profiling (VSP) surveys, adaptation of the methods for parallel seismic surveys to determine vertical extent and condition of deep foundations often requires project-specific variations of parameters. For parallel seismic surveys, a borehole is drilled and grouted in accordance with ASTM D7400-14, optimally at a distance of 1–3 m from the target. In practice, limitations on well placement and budget, as well as the presence of pervasive cultural noise, impose constraints. In addition, unanticipated surface and subsurface physical conditions can negatively influence data collection approaches and data quality. Significant sources of seismic noise are universally present at heavily industrialized sites where VSP investigations to characterize deep foundations are performed. Noise sources can overwhelm generated seismic signals and obscure desired wave arrivals. The ideal seismic source location is directly on the top of the sheet pile, but access is often restricted by thick concrete pile caps. To overcome such challenges, we approach problems with multiple investigation methods, innovative placement of sources, and careful interpretation. Here, we present case studies of parallel seismic surveys to determine depth and integrity of sheet pile quay walls where major site limitations introduced significant ambiguity in interpretation. We reduced ambiguity by adding a complementary suite of borehole magnetometer and hydrophone surveys to supplement data collected in the ASTM-required triaxial geophone survey. Through application of a multi-method approach and extensive processing, integration, and analysis of data post-collection, we were able to present a reliable interpretation of the survey results.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".