Bibliographic record
Abstract
This article deals with Frank W. Schofield and Oliver R. Avison, who were two of the missionaries who most actively reacted to the March 1st Independence Movement. They shared a common identity as missionaries and Canadians. As Canadians, they could take advantage of the amiable relationship between Britain and Japan. From the outset, they were supportive of the March 1st Independence Movement and endeavored to help the movement, criticizing the Japanese authorities’ brutal crackdown on street protests. Schofield was able to assist the movement because of the support of Avison, along with Armstrong, the Secretary of the Canadian Presbyterian Mission. He was threatened by the Japanese police for his activities in support of the movement, which caused him to return home in April 1920. Back in Canada, he continued to give speeches and write about the situation in Korea. Avison could not show his sympathy for the March 1st Movement as overtly as Schofield did because of his responsibilities at Severance Hospital, its Medical College, and Yeonhi College. However, he tried his best by criticizing Japanese colonialism and conveying information about the situation in Korea overseas. His membership in the Commission on Relations with the Orient of the Federal Council of the Churches of Christ in America was related to this. When he went back to the United States after retirement, he helped Syngman Rhee’s activities toward Korean independence. Further, he organized the Christian Friends of Korea with American and Canadian colleagues to support the approval of the Korean Provisional Government and the independence movement of Koreans.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.006 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.006 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.087 | 0.028 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".