Hearing Impairment and Prevalence of Mild Cognitive Impairment in Japan: Baseline Data From the Aidai Cohort Study in Yawatahama and Uchiko
Bibliographic record
Abstract
OBJECTIVES: Hearing impairment (HI) in midlife may increase the risk of dementia. However, epidemiological research on the association between HI and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is very limited. DESIGN: The present cross-sectional study investigated the relationship between HI and MCI using baseline data from the Aidai Cohort Study. Study subjects were 995 Japanese adults aged 36 to 84 years. We used the audiometric definition of HI adopted by the World Health Organization, which identifies the speech-frequency pure-tone average hearing thresholds at 0.5, 1, 2, and 4 kHz tones. HI was defined as present when pure-tone average was >25 dB HL in the better hearing ear. MCI was defined as being present when a subject had a Japanese version of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment score of <26. Adjustment was made for age, sex, smoking status, alcohol consumption, leisure time physical activity, hypertension, dyslipidemia, diabetes mellitus, history of depression, body mass index, waist circumference, employment, education, and household income. RESULTS: Among the 995 study subjects, the prevalence values of HI and MCI were 24.3% and 44.5%, respectively. HI was independently positively associated with MCI: the multivariate-adjusted odds ratio (95% confidence interval) was 1.86 (1.32 to 2.62). HI was independently related to a higher prevalence of MCI in those aged 60 to 69 years and those aged 70 years or older: the multivariate-adjusted odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) were 1.64 (1.03 to 2.62) and 2.30 (1.04 to 5.27), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: HI may be associated with a higher prevalence of MCI.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".