Evolution of rivulets during spreading of an impinging water jet on a rotating, precoated substrate
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The spreading of a liquid film across a rotating surface is inherently unstable due to the centrifugal force, which causes the formation of rivulets along the spreading front. This instability produces a rich diversity of spreading patterns and is important to control for the optimization of spin-coating and spin-rinsing of silicon wafers during the fabrication of microelectronics. The present work is an experimental investigation of the evolution of rivulets arising from this instability during the spreading of an impinging water jet across a rotating substrate that is precoated with a thin, aqueous film. To characterize these rivulets, we developed a high-speed imaging apparatus and image-processing software that traces the spreading front over time. We show how the morphology of the spreading front is qualitatively affected by varying the Reynolds number of the impinging jet, the ratio of centrifugal to Coriolis forces, and the type of liquid used to precoat the substrate. For quantitative analysis of rivulets, we measured the “compactness ratio” of the spreading front, which quantifies deviation from a circular spreading front. We used the compactness ratio to demonstrate that rivulets are suppressed most strongly at low rotation rates, at high flow rates, and on substrates precoated with water, although with notable exceptions.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".