Effects of Contact Angle on Single and Multiscale Bubble Motions in the Aluminum Reduction Cell
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This work deals with the effects of the contact angle as an essential factor in bubble motions underneath downward-facing surfaces of the anode in the aluminum reduction cell. First, a transient three-dimensional (3D) mathematical model is employed to study a single bubble motion with the volume-of-fluid (VOF) method. In addition, a transient 3D model coupled with the discrete phase model and the VOF method is employed to track the microdispersed (∼micrometer or ∼millimeter) and macroscale (∼centimeter) bubbles in various contact angles. A discrete continuum transition model is developed to link the micro- to macroscale of bubbles and analyze the multiscale bubbles co-existing beneath the anode. The predicted gas coverage gives a reasonable match with the experimental data in the literature. The bubble release frequency decreases with increasing the contact angle provided that the contact angle is smaller than 90°, whereas the opposite occurs when the contact angles are larger than 90°.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".