Cyber-Physical Security of State Estimation Against Attacks on Wide-Area Load Shedding Protection Schemes
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Wide-Area Load Shedding (WALS) protection schemes are the schemes used in power system to perform a load shedding after a large disturbance in the power system. These schemes are used to avoid power system cascading if all other remedial means fail to mitigate against a large disturbance. Hence, any small mistake in the operation of WALS protection schemes may result in huge damage in the power system i.e., blackouts, component damage, service disruption, etc. Since WALS protection schemes are centralized schemes that use communication system, they are vulnerable against cyber attacks. This paper shows the effects of False Data Injection (FDI) cyber attacks on the WALS protection schemes. To validate the problem formulation, the IEEE 39 bus New England system is simulated under FDI attacks using the AC power flow. The results show that the attacker can alter the load shedding distribution or location, and as result forces the control center operator to make an unintended load shedding decision and deviate from the optimal course of action.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".