The Relationship between Metabolically Healthy Obesity and the Risk of Cardiovascular Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk in individuals with metabolically healthy obesity (MHO) is unclear. We searched databases from inception to May 2019. Data were pooled using a random effects model. Newcastle-Ottawa Scale assessment was performed. Primary and secondary outcomes were CVD risk and all-cause mortality. Forty-three studies involving 4,822,205 cases were included. The median percentage of females, age and duration of follow-up was 52%, 49.9 years and 10.6 years, respectively. The mean Newcastle-Ottawa Scale score of the articles was 7.9 ± 1.0. Compared to individuals with a metabolically healthy normal weight, individuals with MHO had higher adjusted risk of CVD and all-cause mortality. We identified a significant linear dose-response relationship between body mass index (BMI) and CVD risk among metabolically healthy individuals (p < 0.001); every unit increase in BMI increased the CVD risk. Multivariate meta-regression analysis showed that an increased proportion of women and age resulted in the risk of CVD affected by MHO reduction (p = 0.014, p = 0.030, respectively). Age and sex explained the observed heterogeneity and reported the adjusted R2. MHO resulted in a significantly increased risk for CVD; therefore, long-term weight loss should be encouraged.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.068 | 0.074 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.038 | 0.024 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; both teacher heads agree on what is shown here.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".