Evaluation of a Constant Parameter Line-Based TWFL Real-Time Testbed
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper presents a testbed for real-time testing of Traveling-Wave Fault Locators (TWFLs). A Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) is used as the main hardware platform for conducting the real-time simulation. To accurately reproduce fault-launched travelling waves, the simulated power system is executed at a 500 ns time-step. The fault locating device is the SEL-T400L relay with a sampling rate capability of 1 MHz. The simulated grid is composed of constant parameter (CP) transmission lines (TLs). The paper presents the capabilities and limitations of such an approach and assesses the suitability of the line model for testing TWFL. Firstly, off-line analyses and validation are performed using EMTP. It is found that the CP line model can be incorporated in the double-ended TWFL testing setups. For the single-ended TWFL testing, it is shown that the CP line model can introduce false transients due to ground propagation mode which can affect testing accuracy. Secondly, real-time experimental simulations are done to elaborate the importance of sub-microsecond time-steps for testing of TWFL.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".