Modelling the effects of age and sex on the resistive and viscoelastic components of the work of breathing during exercise
Bibliographic record
Abstract
New Findings What is the central question of this study? What is the effect of age and sex on the resistive and viscoelastic components of work of breathing ( W b ) during exercise? What is the main finding and its importance? The resistive and viscoelastic components of W b were higher in older adults, regardless of sex. The resistive, but not viscoelastic, component of W b was higher in females than in males, regardless of age. These findings contribute to improving our understanding of the effects of ageing and sex on the mechanical ventilatory response to exercise. Abstract Healthy ageing and biological sex each affect the work of breathing ( W b ) for a given minute ventilation ( ). Age‐related structural changes to the respiratory system lead to an increase in both the resistive and viscoelastic components of W b ; however, it is unclear whether healthy ageing differentially alters the mechanics of breathing in males and females. We analysed data from 22 older (60–80 years, n = 12 females) and 22 younger (20–30 years, n = 11 females) males and females that underwent an incremental cycle exercise test to exhaustion. and W b were assessed at rest and throughout exercise. W b – data for each participant were fitted to a non‐linear equation (i.e. W b = a 3 + b 2 ) that partitions W b into resistive (i.e. a 3 ) and viscoelastic (i.e. b 2 ) components. We then modelled the effects of healthy ageing and biological sex on each component of W b . Overall, the model fit was excellent ( r 2 : 0.99 ± 0.01). There was a significant main effect of age and sex on the resistive component of W b (both P < 0.05), and a significant main effect of age ( P < 0.001), but not sex ( P = 0.309), on the viscoelastic component of W b . No significant interactions between age and sex on a 3 or b 2 were noted (both P > 0.05). Our findings indicate that during exercise: (i) the higher total W b in females relative to males is due to a higher resistive, but not viscoelastic, component of W b , and (ii) regardless of sex, the higher W b in older adults relative to younger adults is due to higher resistive and viscoelastic components of W b .
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".