Permafrost and Thermal Anomalies in Talus Slopes near Thunder Bay, Ontario
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Local knowledge, BTS measurements, and observations of interstitial ice suggest the presence of permafrost in talus slopes near Thunder Bay, ON. The nearest known permafrost is 400 km to the north. Mean annual air temperatures in the region are less than 2.5ºC, similar to and lower than other locations where permafrost has previously been found in blocky materials. In order to determine whether permafrost exists in talus slopes in the region, ground temperature sensors were installed at the bottom of two talus slopes to measure conditions at the surface and within the talus for two years beginning on 15 October 2016. Interstitial ice at these sites was monitored over the same period in summer and autumn. Mean annual surface temperatures were -4.0ºC and -5.8ºC and mean annual temperatures in the talus ranged from -4.3ºC to -7.3ºC. During the winter, talus surface and internal temperatures fluctuated in response to multi-day trends in weather, with mean freezing season temperatures below -9ºC. During the thawing seasons, the sites experienced prolonged zero curtains. Mean thawing season temperatures were below 2ºC, and lower than 0ºC at several internal sensors. Bodies of interstitial ice persisted into the autumn at both sites. The temperature record and observations of the interstitial ice indicated the presence of permafrost at the bottom of one of the slopes.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".