A comprehensive review of geothermal energy evolution and development
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Global energy demand is increasing, driven by population rise, technological development, and a desire for a better lifestyle. However, because environmental issues such as fossil-fuel-sourced greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions are emerging as constraints on the nature of energy sources, using renewable and sustainable energy sources is the appropriate and applicable response. Geothermal energy is one form of renewable and sustainable energy, which has certain advantages such as consistency, a vast amount of untapped potential, availability, and a wide range of possible applications that make it an interesting and viable solution for helping meet the world’s energy needs while reducing GHG emissions (especially CO2). We provide a comprehensive review on the evolution of geothermal energy production from its obscure beginnings to the present time by reporting production data from individual countries and collective data of worldwide production. In addition, we provide an overview of relevant technologies at the industrial level, such as site identification, power production methods, and direct use. Finally, we discuss the geothermal power production prospects for 2050, the classification of production capacity on the technology side, and existing roadmaps for points of interest concerning technological development. We hope this review helps to identify existing gaps, future challenges, and areas needing further attention and investigation.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it