Letter to the Journal Unilateral Economic Sanctions Adopted to React to An Erga Omnes Obligation: Basis for Legality and Legitimacy Analysis?— A Partial Response to Alexandra Hofer’s Article
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
1. Alexandra Hofer1 approaches the phenomenon of unilateral coercive measures from both the positivist and sociological angles. The positivist approach seeks to determine the existence of a norm prohibiting unilateral economic sanctions. The author concludes that the conditions are not met to attest that such a customary norm has emerged. The sociological angle rather determines why developed and developing countries hold diverging views on the lawfulness of unilateral economic sanctions regimes. The author believes that there are fundamental differences in the values they convey, which necessarily follow from their own identities. 2. Hofer’s interpretation is convincing. It has the merit of highlighting the different views of States on the lawfulness and legitimacy of unilateral economic sanctions. However, this analysis is not exhaustive. The author confines herself to exploring one particular aspect of a multifaceted subject. Patrick C.R. Terry (Unilateral Economic Sanctions and Their Extraterritorial Impact: One Foreign Policy For All?, 18 Chinese JIL (2019)) provides an important contribution by analyzing the extraterritorial scope of unilateral economic measures. The purpose of this article is to add another dimension, that of erga omnes obligations per se (Part II), which is interesting both from the point of view of Hofer’s positivist (Part III) and sociological (Part IV) analysis.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it