Western spruce budworm effects on throughfall N, P, and C fluxes and soil nutrient status in the Pacific Northwest
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Western spruce budworm (Choristoneura freemani Razowski, 2008) is the most widely distributed insect herbivore in western North American coniferous forests. By partially or completely defoliating tree crowns, budworms influence fluxes of water, nutrients, and organic carbon from forest canopies to soils and, in turn, soil chemistry. To quantify these effects, throughfall water, inorganic nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations, as well as fluxes and soil N and P concentrations, were measured in coniferous forest sites with high and background levels of budworm herbivory. Throughfall N and P concentrations and fluxes increased at sites with high budworm levels during and (or) immediately after larval-stage budworm feeding, indicating reduced uptake and (or) greater leaching from canopies as a result of budworm activity. Annual throughfall N fluxes (<67–71 g N·ha−1·year−1) and soil N concentrations were low regardless of herbivory level. In contrast, throughfall P was considerably greater at sites with high herbivory levels (2174 g P·ha−1·year−1) compared with those with background levels (1357 g P·ha−1·year−1), and this was reflected in nearly threefold higher soil P concentrations at sites with high budworm levels. Our findings suggest that by altering throughfall chemistry and soil N:P, budworms could influence elemental export from watersheds.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".