Amino Acid Composition and Protein Content of Mature Human Milk from Nine Countries
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This study represents analysis of 220 human milk samples from nine cities in nine countries crossing five continents. Samples were collected from mothers from 18 to 40 years of age with a lactation range from 30 days to 188 days. Amino acids were analyzed using Waters Accq_Tag HPLC method. Total protein was calculated from the nitrogen content multiplied by a protein factor of 6.25. The nitrogen content was analyzed using FP‐528 nitrogen analyzer made by LECO Corporation. True protein was calculated from amino acid analysis and includes protein, free amino acids and peptides. Total protein, true protein, and the amino acid composition are not influenced by mother's age, and are statistically similar among locations, with the exception of samples from Chile, which had higher total protein and true protein. True protein is approximately 76% of total protein, is statistically similar among locations, and is not influenced by mother's age or days of lactation. Total protein, true protein, and individual amino acid concentrations in human milk steadily decline from 30 to 151 days of lactation, and are significantly higher in the second month than in the following four months. The amino acid profiles are statistically similar among locations. These results confirm higher protein and amino acid levels in early lactation and demonstrate consistency in the protein and amino acid composition of human milk across all locations.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".