Creep-Rupture Limit for GFRP Bars Subjected to Sustained Loads
Bibliographic record
Abstract
An American Concrete Institute (ACI) design guide for fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP)–reinforced concrete recommends that, in order to avoid creep-rupture failure, service-load sustained stress should not exceed 0.20 times the design tensile strength ffu of glass-fiber-reinforced-polymer (GFRP) reinforcement, where ffu is equal to the guaranteed tensile strength multiplied by an environmental reduction factor. The 0.20 value, which was put in place prior to 2001, was conservatively chosen due to both limited test data and a lack of standards for both materials and test methods. In this study, values for the creep-rupture strength at a 1,000,000-h (114-year) endurance time were extrapolated from recent creep-rupture tests of GFRP bars based on regression analysis of rupture stress versus the logarithm of endurance time in hours. The bars were made of continuous E-CR or E-glass fibers in a vinyl ester resin and manufactured by the pultrusion process. The analyses indicate that, given a 114-year service life and a 1.67 safety factor as is used by the ACI design guide for FRP-reinforced concrete, a sustained stress limit of 0.30ffu is a conservative value to avoid a creep rupture of GFRP reinforcing bars that conform to ASTM standards.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".