Studies on ZDDP Anti-Wear Films Formed Under the Different Conditions by XANES Spectroscopy, Atomic Force Microscopy and 31P NMR
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Antiwear (AW) films, generated from a mineral base oil containing zinc dialkyl dithiophosphate (ZDDP) additive, were extensively studied. These films were formed at various conditions such as different temperatures, various loads and rubbing times. The surface morphology of these films was investigated using atomic force microscopy (AFM) and the surface roughness of these films has been calculated from the images. X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy has been used to characterize the chemistry of these films. The intensity of phosphorus K-edge was also used to monitor the thickness of these films. Phosphorus L-edge spectra show that these films have slightly variable chemical natures. 31P Nuclear magnetic resonance (31P NMR) was used to study the ZDDP components in the residue oils. The spectra show that the primary and secondary ZDDP decompose quite differently at the various conditions. Tribological characteristics of these AW films were probed by measuring the coefficients of friction and the wear scar width of the counter faces.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".