Might Nailfold Capillaroscopy Be a “Proxy” for Lung Involvement in Connective Tissue Diseases?
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Lung involvement [pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH)] and/or interstitial lung disease (ILD) are leading causes of death in systemic sclerosis (SSc)1. They also contribute significantly to the morbidity and mortality in other connective tissue diseases (CTD), such as Sjögren syndrome (SS), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), undifferentiated connective tissue disease (UCTD), mixed connective tissue disease (MCTD), and rheumatoid arthritis (RA)2,3,4. Even though no cure is available, timely detection of lung involvement and subsequent administration of appropriate therapies may slow its progression. Nevertheless, a large stumbling block lurks in everyday practice concerning early detection of lung involvement in CTD5,6. More specifically, early detection of lung involvement may be hampered by the nonadherence to guidelines or expert consensus recommendations from PAH or ILD experts7,8. For example, the European Society of Cardiology Guidelines suggest screening for PAH in asymptomatic patients with SSc at the initial visit, and expert consensus recommends a high-resolution computed tomography scan (HRCT) at baseline in all patients with SSc to screen for ILD, but a large proportion of the SSc community still does not follow these recommendations in daily clinical practice7,8. There may be many reasons for this. One of them is the belief that it is useful to screen only symptomatic patients. Another reason is a lack of real multidisciplinary clinics to care for patients with rare CTD, making it challenging to do specialized investigations such as echocardiography, right heart catheterization, and HRCT. Efforts are being made by different policy makers to address this nonadherence and nonstandardized care. One example is the European Union, which has funded through its health program the European Reference Networks on rare … Address correspondence to Dr. V. Smith, Department of Internal Medicine, Ghent University; Department of Rheumatology, Ghent University Hospital, Corneel Heymanslaan 10, 9000 Ghent, Belgium. E-mail: vanessa.smith{at}ugent.be
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.009 | 0.033 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.004 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".