COMPARISON OF TWO BLUEBERRY SUPPLEMENTATION PROTOCOLS ON RUNNING PERFORMANCE AND PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES
Bibliographic record
Abstract
J.P. Brandenburg1, M. Gaetz1, L.V. Giles2 1University of the Fraser Valley, Chilliwack, BC, 2Douglas College, New Westminster, BC Blueberries are rich in a class of polyphenol called anthocyanins. As the antioxidant properties of anthocyanins seem to offset mechanisms of fatigue, blueberry supplementation may aid performance. PURPOSE: To examine the effects of two doses of blueberry supplementation on running performance, physiological responses, and recovery. METHODS: Fourteen recreational runners (31.3 ± 10.3 years; 174.3 ± 11.1 cm; 72.1 ± 13.1 kg; 51.1 ± 6.2 mL·kg−1·min−1) supplemented with 3 different protocols: 4 days of blueberries (4DAY), 4 days of placebo (PLA), and 2 days of placebo followed by 2 days of blueberries (2DAY). Following supplementation, participants completed an 8 km time trial on a non-motorized treadmill. Heart rate (HR) and ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) were monitored during the time trial. Blood lactate, vertical jump, and reactive strength index (RSI) were assessed before and after the time trial. RESULTS: No significant differences were observed in time to complete the 8 km run (PLA: 3010±459s; 2DAY: 3014±488s; 4DAY: 3011±423s), mean HR during the time trial (PLA: 171±14; 2DAY: 172±14; 4DAY: 170±12), and mean RPE (PLA: 15.4±1; 2DAY: 15.5±1; 4DAY: 15.3±1). A significant interaction effect (p=0.027) was observed for blood lactate responses; post hoc analysis revealed that 5 minutes post-time trial lactate was significantly less in 4DAY (5.4±2.0 mmol*l-1) than PLA (6.6±2.5 mmol*l-1; p=0.038) and 2DAY (7.4±3.4 mmol*l-1; p=0.034). Blood lactate recovery within 30 minutes of time trial completion was similar between conditions. Post time trial decreases in vertical jump height, though significant (p=0.038). CONCLUSION: Two days of blueberry supplementation had no impact on time trial performance, physiological stress, or recovery. Four days of blueberry supplementation did not alter performance, but blunted the blood lactate increase to running, perhaps reflecting an alteration in lactate production and/or clearance; and minimized the post-time trial impairment in RSI, perhaps suggesting a protection against acute muscular impairment. Supported by US Highbush Blueberry Council.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".