The Impact of Financing Instruments in the Evolution of the Productive Structure of Total Public Expenditure in Jordan during 1980-2013
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This study aims to analyze the evolution of the productive structure of public spending in Jordan and the role of some of the financing instruments to influence them based on annual data for public spending and structure of the production of current and investment expenditures of public variables are supported and a number of independent variables of (local revenue, foreign aid, foreign loans, loans interior, foreign direct investment) and a series of time stretching from 1980 until 2013, the study results indicates that the current spending ratio occupied two-thirds of total public expenditure in the eighties, while investment spending accounted for only one-third , And then taken the current spending rate of an upward trend to reach more than three-quarters of the total public expenditure in the 1990s and the beginning of the third millennium of the twenty-first century, while the proportion of investment spending less than a quarter during the same period, the results of the unit root test showed that all variables stabilized at the first difference. After the Johansen test of Co-integration, it was found that there is a long-term equilibrium relationship between the variables within the model and the Granger's causality test that there is a causal relationship and one direction between external loans with total public expenditure (domestic revenues and external loans with public investment expenditure) and (current spending with internal loans . In addition, domestic revenues, foreign aid, external loans, internal loans, foreign direct investment (FDI) had a positive effect on (total public expenditure, public investment expenditure, public current expenditure), Excluding external loans had a negative impact on current public spending , and by a significant value (T) it was found that domestic revenues played a large role in determining the level of total public spending and public investment expenditure, while internal loans played a large role in determining the level of public current expenditure
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".