30 Years on, Has the IMF Helped or Hindered the Jordanian Economy?
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In spite of the hostile external environment, Jordan has displayed resilience in maintaining internal cohesion in the face of adversity. The combination of the global financial crisis, energy crisis, closure of trade routes resulting to a de facto economic siege, Arab spring regional turmoil, increasing the cost of security, decreases in remittance and the rising oil and food prices have placed substantial pressure on the Jordanian economy and fiscal effort. As a result of the economic crises, Jordan encountered profound macro-economic and structural related issues as well as a severe balance of payments crisis. In the past three decades, Jordan has adopted various reform programs in cooperation with the International Monetary Fund (IMF) in hopes of stabilizing its economy through neo-liberal policies (El-Said, Harrigan, 2009). This paper aims to determine the extent to which IMF programs contributed to Jordan’s economic prosperity in tackling challenges in its macro-economy from 1989 to 2019. The IMF reform programs were supported under several stand-by agreements (SBA’S) and Extended Fund Facility (EFF) arrangements. This paper would discuss what the overall objectives of the reform programs were and whether they were relevant to Jordan’s circumstances. Whether the IMF policies and processes worked in favour of Jordan’s institutional dealings and if Jordan received preference from the IMF concerning their geopolitical considerations.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; both teacher heads agree on what is shown here.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".