A recipe for Successful Anti-mining Movement: The Case of Tambogrande, Peru
Bibliographic record
Abstract
땀보그란데 광산 개발 저지는 페루의 광산 갈등에서 여러 가지 측면에서 상징적 중요성을 갖는 광산 반대 운동이다. 후리모리 정권의 신자유주의적 개발 드라이브에 반대하는 작은 공동체의 저항운동이 성공을 거두어 세계적으로 유명해진 사례이다. 땀보그란데는 농업모델과 광산개발 모델이 충돌한 대표적 사례였으며 세계최초로 주민투표를 시행하여 광산개발에 대한 지역 주민의 결정권을 실천한 사례이기도 하였다. 땀보그란데 광산 반대 운동은 주민의 동원과 민주적 참여, 지속가능한 개발 모델에 대한 주민들의 응집된 지지, 그리고 국내외 NGO와의 연합, 유연하고 실용적인 투쟁 전략을 통해 사회적 지지를 확대하고 이를 기반으로 국가의 편향적 개발 지원과 억압을 물리치고 광산 기업을 지역에서 축출하는데 성공하였다. 땀보그란데 반대운동은 지역에서의 광산 개발 저지 성공에도 불구하고 정부의 신자유주의 정책에 수정을 가하거나 전국적인 광산 반대운동을 발전시키는 계기가 되지는 못하였다. 그러나 땀보그란데 농민들의 광산 반대 운동의 성공은 신자유주의 하에서도 지역 주민들이 스스로의 삶의 방식과 삶의 터전을 지켜낼 수 있다는 것을 보여주었다. 땀보그란데 주민들이 이 같은 삶의 자율성을 지켜낼 수 있었던 요인들 - 주민들의 풀뿌리 조직과 동원, 결정 메카니즘으로서의 주민투표 채택, 정부의 억압을 완화시킨 평화 전략, 국내외 NGO와의 연대를 통한 사회적 지지기반의 확장, 국민적 정체성에의 호소하는 상징전략 - 은 차후 페루 광산 반대운동이 단순 반대를 넘어 보다 민주적이고 참여적이며 평화적인 저항 모델을 제공해주고 있다는 점에서 큰 의의가 있다.Anti-mining movement against the development of Tambogrande mining project in the state of Piura marks an important turning point in the history of mining conflicts in Peru. It is emblematic of the successful resistance of the small peasants community against the strong alliance of neoliberal state and multinational mining company. It is also a first case of clash between agricultural development model and mining model for sustainable livelihood. Tambogrande case was also the first attempt to stop mining through popular referendum in Latin America whose step many anti-mining rural communities have followed. Peasants of Tambogrande were able to expel Canadian mining company through cohesive and continued mobilization, alliance with domestic and international NGOs, flexible and pragmatic strategy toward the Peruvian society in general as well as toward the state and the company. Their fight was a fight for sustainable livelihood, concerned about the negative impacts from the mining across the town, far from ideological opposition to the neoliberalism itself. Domestic and international NGOs offered technical information, financial support, and even strategic recommendation to recover balance of power against the much stronger development alliance of the state and the mining company. Appeal to the national identity using lemon, a main product of the region, as a symbol of a national dish, ceviche, also served to expand solidarity network in other regions and sectors. Though the anti-mining movement in Tambogrande was not able to change the state policy on neoliberal mine development nor serve to form anti-mining social movement on a national scale, it shows that it is possible to resist neoliberal onslaught through the combination of popular mobilization, flexible strategy and alliance with other sectors in civil society especially NGOs. And it will continue to serve as a model for small communities to resist neoliberal drive to develop mine projects all across the country.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.012 | 0.006 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.004 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.006 |
| Research integrity | 0.004 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.008 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".