The structural basis for forkhead box family specificity revealed by the crystal structure of human FOXN1 in complex with DNA
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Significance FOXN1 is a transcription factor that is essential for the development of the thymus and the production of T-lymphocytes. It is a member of a large family of transcription factors which recognize DNA sequences through the conserved Forkhead (FH) domain. FOXN1 recognizes a DNA sequence that is different from the common consensus binding sequence of FH domains, although key binding residues are identical. We present crystal structures of the FH domain of FOXN1, free and DNA-bound, which shed light on the different binding specificities; the structure also revelas the basis of the immunocompromised nude mutation, as well as a preferential binding to non-methylated CpG motifs. Abstract FOXN1 is a member of the forkhead box (FOX) family of transcription factors, and plays an important role in thymic epithelial cell differentiation and function. FOXN1 mutations in humans and mice give rise to the "nude" phenotype which is marked by athymia. FOXN1 belongs to a subset of the FOX family that recognize an alternate consensus sequence (GACGC), which is different from the more widely-recognized canonical sequence consensus RYAAAYA. Here, we present the structure of FOXN1 in complex with DNA at 1.6 Å resolution, in which the DNA sequence is recognised by a mixture of direct and water-mediated contacts provided by residues in an a-helix inserted in the DNA major groove (the recognition helix). Comparisons with other FOX family structures reveal that the canonical and alternate DNA sequences are bound in two distinct modes, with partially different registers for the protein DNA contacts. We identify a single alternate rotamer within the recognition helix itself as an important determinant of DNA specificity, and indicate sequence features in the recognition helix that could be used to predict the specificity of other FOX family members. Finally we demonstrate that FOXN1 has a significantly reduced affinity for DNA containing 5-methylcytosine, which may have implications for the role of FOXN1 in thymic senescence.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".