Investigating groundwater recharge rates and seasonality under irrigated and dryland conditions at two agricultural sites near Lethbridge, Alberta
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In order to better understand the impacts of land use on groundwater resources, this study investigated the effects of irrigation on groundwater recharge at two study sites near Lethbridge, Alberta. Depression-focused and diffuse recharge rates were quantified beneath uplands, flatlands and depressions under irrigated and dryland conditions using the chloride mass balance, water table fluctuation and water balance methods. Seasonality of recharge was also considered (i.e., summer vs. overwinter). Results show long-term recharge rates of 88 ± 26 to 113 ± 31 mm/yr beneath depressions, 50 ± 21 to 29 ± 44 mm/yr beneath flatlands and -4 ± 5 to 4 ± 2 mm/yr beneath uplands. Overwinter (November 2017-April 2018) snowmelt recharge was the same for irrigated and dryland flatlands (between 33 ± 7 and 68 ± 113 mm). Recharge during the 2018 growing season was 42 ± 141 and 21 ± 122 mm beneath the irrigated and dryland flatlands, respectively. Numerical model simulations showed 3.1 times more summer recharge under irrigated versus dryland flatland conditions. Irrigation was shown to affect both the rate and seasonality of recharge at the two study sites.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".