Gaps in public preparedness to be a substitute decision-maker and the acceptability of high school education on resuscitation and end-of-life care: a mixed-methods study
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: When a patient is incapable of making medical decisions for him- or herself, a substitute decision-maker makes choices according to the patient's previously expressed wishes, values and beliefs; however, little is known about public readiness to act as a substitute decision-maker in Canada. Our primary objective was to measure public self-reported preparedness to act as a substitute decision-maker, and explore the attitudes, barriers and enablers associated with preparedness. METHODS: From November 2017 to June 2018, we conducted a mixed-methods street intercept survey at 12 pedestrian areas in Ottawa, Ontario. We used descriptive statistics and logistic regression analysis to assess predictors of perceived preparedness to be a substitute decision-maker and determine support for high school education. We analyzed qualitative interview questions using inductive thematic analysis. RESULTS: Of the 626 eligible respondents, 196 refused to participate, leaving 430 participants (response rate 68.7%). A total of 404 surveys (94.0%) were fully complete with no missing data. The respondents were mostly female (243 [56.5%]) and residents of Ontario (364 [84.6%]). The average age was 33.9 years. Although 314 respondents (73.0%) felt prepared to be a substitute decision-maker, 194 (45.1%) reported never having had meaningful conversations with loved ones to understand their wishes in the event of critical illness. A total of 293 participants (68.1%) identified important barriers to feeling prepared. Most respondents (309 [71.9%]) agreed that high school students should learn about being a substitute decision-maker, citing age appropriateness, potential societal benefit and improved decision-making, while cautioning the need to respect different maturity levels, cultures and experiences. INTERPRETATION: he lack of conversation between loved ones reveals a gap between perceived and actual preparedness to be a substitute decision-maker for a loved one with a critical illness. The overall acceptability of high school education warrants further exploration.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.006 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".