Preliminary assessment of groundwater contribution to the hydrology of an alpine lake in the Canadian Rockies.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Groundwater storage and pathways in alpine headwater regions of the Canadian Rockies have not been well understood, although these processes may play a significant role in controlling the amount and timing of runoff in mountain streams. A field study was initiated in 2004 at the Lake O'Hara watershed in Yoho National Park, British Columbia, to examine the role of groundwater in the alpine hydrological cycle. The main objective of the first year of this study was to quantify the groundwater input to Lake O'Hara using a water balance approach, which consisted of weekly field measurements of inflow and outflow streams and lake water level, along with local meteorological data. Of all measurable terms in the water balance, surface water inflow and outflow were by far the largest components, while direct precipitation and evaporation were almost negligible. Surface water outflow was substantially greater than inflow, indicating that the groundwater residual (i.e. net groundwater inflow minus outflow) was a major component. Taking the groundwater residual as a minimum estimate of groundwater inflow to the lake, it was estimated that groundwater contribution was approximately 25-40% of total water inputs to the lake during the peak flow period (late June to early July) and 35-50% toward the end of the summer. This preliminary finding implies that groundwater processes play a much more important role in the hydrological cycle of alpine headwater regions than previously thought.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".